Observed Trends and Variability of Temperature and Precipitation and Their Global Teleconnections in the Upper Indus Basin, Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya

Having an extreme topography and heterogeneous climate, the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) is more likely to be affected by climate change it a crucial area for climatological studies. Based on monthly minimum temperature (Tmin), maximum (Tmax) precipitation from nine meteorological stations, spatiotemporal variability of were analyzed monthly, seasonal, annual scales. Results show widespread significant increasing trend 0.14 °C/decade Tmax, but decreasing ?0.08 Tmin annually, during 1955–2016 UIB. Seasonally, warming in Tmax stronger winter spring, while cooling greater summer autumn. seasonal indicate trends winter, spring autumn at rates 0.38, 0.35 0.05 °C/decade, respectively, with ?0.14 °C/decade. Moreover, results 0.09 0.08 significantly ?0.21 ?0.22 respectively whole Precipitation exhibits 2.74 mm/decade while, 1.18, 2.06 0.62 respectively. The increase have been distinct since mid-1990s, observed UIB mid-1980s. Warming middle higher altitude (1500–2800 m >2800 m) are much stronger, obvious regions elevation m. wavelet analysis illustrated sporadic inter-annual covariance ENSO, NAO, IOD PDO periodicities usually constant over short timescales discontinuous longer timescales. This study offers better understanding local characteristics provides scientific basis government policymakers.